Spodumene is the dominant hard-rock lithium mineral, and turning a 1 to 1.5 percent Li2O ore into a marketable 5.5 to 6 percent Li2O concentrate takes a carefully staged flowsheet rather than a single machine. Xinhai designs and supplies complete spodumene lines, with a 1,000 tpd configuration as a common starting point, scaled up or down to suit your reserve grade, mineralogy and product specification. Each stage is balanced so the plant hits the concentrate grade buyers and converters demand.

A typical spodumene flowsheet

After crushing and screening, many spodumene ores benefit from dense-media separation (DMS) to reject low-grade coarse waste cheaply before fine grinding, which is where most of the energy cost sits. The DMS concentrate and middlings are then ground and treated by flotation, where conditioned reagents float spodumene away from feldspar, quartz and mica. Magnetic separation removes iron-bearing minerals to meet the low-iron spec that converters require, and the concentrate is thickened and dewatered for shipping while process water is recovered and recycled.

DMS plus flotation, sized to the ore

• DMS pre-concentration: rejects coarse barren rock early, cutting downstream grinding and flotation load and lowering reagent cost.
• Grinding: liberation typically targets a fine grind so spodumene floats cleanly; the exact size comes from ore testing, not a generic rule.
• Flotation: upgrades to a 5.5 to 6 percent Li2O concentrate, with recoveries commonly in the 75 to 90 percent range on suitable ore.
• Iron removal: magnetic separation trims iron to meet battery- or technical-grade limits.

Mica and iron content are the two specs that most often decide whether a concentrate is saleable, so the cleaner and magnetic stages are designed around them rather than bolted on afterward. Reagent regime and grind size are confirmed on your own ore in the lab before any equipment is sized.

Delivered as one EPC scope

Lithium projects move fast, and a single-source plant keeps the DMS, grinding, flotation and dewatering stages balanced as one design with one party accountable. Under our EPC+M+O model, Xinhai handles ore characterization, flowsheet and plant design, in-house manufacturing, installation and operator training. Explore our mineral processing plants, read the spodumene processing flowsheet guide, or contact us with your ore data.

Chromite carries a high specific gravity (around 4.3 to 4.6) against the silicate gangue around it, which makes gravity concentration the workhorse route for chrome. Xinhai designs and builds the full plant, alluvial or hard-rock, as a single EPC scope so the scrubbing, sizing and separation stages all match the way your chromite is liberated. Because gravity needs no reagents, the operating cost per ton stays low, which matters on the often-modest grades that chrome deposits carry.

A typical chrome flowsheet

Run-of-mine ore is scrubbed and washed to break down clay, then screened into size fractions, since each separator works best within a narrow size band. Coarse material reports to jigging, while the finer fractions are concentrated on spiral chute separators and cleaned on shaking tables. Hard-rock chromite first passes through crushing and grinding to liberate the chromite grains before the same gravity train upgrades it. Dewatering and water recovery close the circuit so the plant can run on a tight water balance.

Alluvial versus hard-rock

• Alluvial chrome: already liberated, so the plant centers on washing, screening and gravity separation with minimal comminution and lower capital cost.
• Hard-rock chrome: needs crushing and grinding ahead of gravity to free the chromite grains; the grind size is set by liberation testing rather than guesswork.

On suitable feed, gravity concentration typically lifts chromite to a 40 to 46 percent Cr2O3 saleable concentrate with stage recoveries in the 85 to 95 percent band. The chrome-to-iron ratio of the product is just as important to buyers as the Cr2O3 grade, so we design the circuit with that specification in mind. Where iron-bearing gangue limits the gravity grade, a magnetic cleaning stage can be added; we evaluate that during flowsheet design.

Built and supported as one scope

Buying the chrome plant as a single engineered package keeps the mass balance, water balance and equipment ratings consistent from feed bin to product stockpile, with one party accountable for the result. Under our EPC+M+O model, Xinhai runs the ore testing, design, in-house manufacturing, installation and operator training. See the full range of mineral processing plants or send us your chrome assay for a sized proposal.

Carbon-in-pulp is the standard recovery route for free-milling and oxidized gold ores where leached pulp can be screened cleanly. Xinhai supplies the complete flowsheet as a single-source EPC+M+O package, from crushing through to the gold room, so the leach kinetics, carbon inventory and tank sizing are matched to your assay rather than fitted to off-the-shelf hardware. That ore-first approach is what separates an engineered plant from a bag of equipment.

How the CIP circuit works

Ore is crushed and ground to a liberation size, typically 70 to 80 percent passing 75 microns, then thickened to a controlled pulp density before cyanidation. Leaching runs in a train of agitation tanks; the pregnant pulp then flows through a separate set of adsorption tanks where activated carbon captures the dissolved gold counter-current to the slurry. Loaded carbon is moved to elution and electrowinning, and barren carbon is reactivated in a regeneration kiln and recycled back to the adsorption train.

Where CIP fits versus CIL

In CIP, leaching and adsorption happen in distinct stages, which suits ores with fast leach kinetics and low preg-robbing tendency. If your ore is slower-leaching or carbonaceous, a carbon-in-leach configuration that combines the two steps may give higher recovery. We size both and recommend the better fit after ore testing. For the full trade-offs between routes, see our guide on CIL vs CIP vs heap leach.

What the package includes

• Crushing and grinding circuit with classification and thickening
• Leaching and CIP adsorption tank trains with double-impeller agitation tanks
• Desorption, electrowinning and carbon regeneration in the gold room
• Reagent dosing, tailings thickening and process water recovery

Typical gold recovery on suitable ores lands in the 90 to 96 percent range, with reagent and energy consumption optimized during commissioning. Pulp density, aeration rate and carbon movement are the main control levers, and we set up each so the plant holds recovery without over-consuming cyanide. Wear parts, liner schedules and a spares list are defined up front so the plant stays available through ramp-up and beyond.

Why buy the plant as one EPC scope

Buying the circuit as a single engineered scope removes the interface risk of mixing vendors and leaves one party accountable for the guaranteed grade and recovery. Xinhai handles ore testing, flowsheet and plant design, in-house manufacturing, installation, commissioning and operator training under our EPC+M+O model. Browse the full range of mineral processing plants or contact our process team with your ore data for a tailored proposal.